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Mass Shooters: Identification and Prevention

By August 8, 2019March 20th, 2025No Comments10 min read

Janet L. Cummings, Psy.D.
Chairman of the Board, Cummings Graduate Institute for Behavioral Health Studies

August 8, 2019

In recent weeks, there have been so many mass shootings that it is difficult to keep the details straight. The American public barely has time to process one mass shooting before another occurs. This past week was especially deadly, with two mass shootings in two days. C.A. Miranda (2019, August 4) gives a rundown on recent mass shootings:

  • August 4, 2019: A gunman in Dayton, Ohio killed 9 people and injured at least 27 in the historic Oregon District. He was then killed by police.
  • August 3, 2019: A gunman killed 22 people and injured at least 26 in an El Paso, Texas Walmart.
  • July 28, 2019: A shooting at the Garlic Festival in Gilroy, California resulted in 4 deaths (including the gunman). 13 people were injured.
  • May 31, 2019: 12 people were killed and 6 others were wounded in a municipal building in Virginia Beach.
  • February 15, 2019: A gunman killed 5 co-workers in a manufacturing plant in Aurora, Illinois. He was then killed by police.
  • November 7, 2018: A U.S. Marine killed 12 people and injured 18 in a nightclub in Thousand Oaks before killing himself at the scene.
  • October 27, 2018: 11 people were killed and 6 were injured in a Synagogue shooting. 4 police officers were also wounded, as was the shooter before being taken into custody.
  • June 28, 2018: 5 people were killed in an Annapolis, Maryland newspaper office.
  • May 18, 2018: 10 people were killed and 13 injured in a Houston area high school.
  • February 14, 2018: 17 students and staff were killed in a Parkland, Florida high school.

C.A. Miranda (2019, August 4) also lists 4 mass shootings in 2017, 2 mass shootings in 2016, and 4 mass shootings in 2015.

Like many others, this author has been trying to make sense out of this very disturbing trend, and came across a very interesting article by Peterson and Densley (2019, August 4). These authors have spent two years studying the lives of mass shooters in the United States, going back decades. With a National Institute of Justice grant, they looked at every mass shooter who shot and killed four or more people since 1966. They also looked at all shooting incidents that took place in schools, places of worship, and workplaces since 1999. These researchers discovered four commonalities among the mass shooters that they studied:

  1. The majority of mass shooters that the researchers studied experienced childhood trauma and were exposed to violence at a young age.
  2. Almost all the mass shooters studied reached “an identifiable crisis point” in the days, weeks, or months prior to the shooting. They had become depressed, despondent, or angry over a particular grievance.
  3. Most of the shooters studied had spent time studying the actions of previous shooters, and used their studies to validate their own motives. Most also spent a lot of time on the Internet and social media, looking for validation for their motives and plans.
  4. All of the mass shooters had the means to carry out their plans, including access to firearms.

There have always been people who experienced childhood trauma, and there have always been people reaching crisis points in their lives. These two factors do not explain the appalling number of mass shootings in recent years. This author agrees with Peterson and Densley (2019, August 4) that the third commonality (the study of other shooters and seeking validation via social media) is a critical factor in the increase in mass shootings in recent years. News is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Social media has given people validation for their hatred toward particular groups of people, as well as giving the impression that becoming a mass shooter is a good way to make a political point and to achieve notoriety. According to Peterson and Densley (2019, August 4), “Perpetrators study other perpetrators and model their acts after previous shootings,” and “many are radicalized online.”

While each shooter certainly has their own reasons and path to making the decision to become a mass shooter, there are several motivations that are strong influences:

First, many shooters are motivated to make a point in a way that gets national attention. Their point may be that they have been wronged at a workplace, that they have been bullied in school, or that they are justified in their hatred for a particular group of people.

Second, many shooters seek the fame that comes from their actions, as their names and photos will be shown on every news channel, as well as all over the Internet and social media. They think that everyone will know who they are, and that this notoriety will further give validity to their beliefs. In cases where victims are seemingly selected at random, this notoriety may be the primary motivation as opposed to making a political or other point.

Third, they may be suicidal. They may see shooting themselves or “suicide by cop” as an added bonus to the strong point they will make or the notoriety they will gain through their actions (L. Dewey, et al, 2013). In this case, homicide and suicide collide, resulting in what suicidologists sometimes term a “dual death” (one or more homicides, followed by a suicide).

There is currently much political and media focus on Peterson and Densley’s (2019, August 4) fourth commonality among mass shooters: access to firearms. While this is certainly a worthy discussion, this author would like instead to focus on Peterson and Densley’s (2019, August 4) third commonality among mass shooters: using the Internet and social media to study other shooters and to validate their motives.

A major driving force in the increasing number of mass shootings is the news and other media outlets that report on mass shootings, as well as Internet sites and social media that encourage hatred and violence. The American Psychological Association (2016) terms this phenomenon “media contagion.” In an effort to keep the pubic informed, news outlets may inadvertently create this “media contagion” effect, which in turn influences others to become mass shooters. This author believes that some future mass shootings might be prevented if less attention and notoriety were given to mass shooters.

Interestingly, a movement to develop tools that would use social media to help detect potential mass shooters before they strike is gaining bipartisan support (Rundle, 2019, August 6). There are certainly those who oppose this idea. There are also many other challenges (technological, political, and legal) to this use of social media. However, there is the potential to use social media to prevent mass shootings instead of to encourage them. It is this author’s hope that such tools will be developed and utilized.

Most mass shooters exhibit warning signs prior to committing violence. Some post opinions (even manifestos) that justify violence on social media sites. Others are quite vocal to family and friends about their hatred toward a particular group of people, and even publish or vocalize their plans to shoot members of that group. “Red Flag Laws,” which enable law enforcement to confiscate weapons from someone who might be at risk for violence, may prove helpful. However, vigilance on the part of the public may prove far more helpful. Those who suspect that a friend or family member may be planning a mass shooting or other violence should report their concerns to law enforcement or a qualified mental health professional.

While not every potential mass shooter sees a mental health professional in the days, weeks or months prior to the shooting, some do. There is an enormous body of psychological literature on the identification and treatment of suicidal patients, but much less is available on the identification and treatment of homicidal patients or patients who are both homicidal and suicidal. Such training for mental/behavioral health professionals is critical if future mass shootings are to be prevented.

The National Council for Behavioral Health recently released a paper entitled “Mass violence in America: Causes, impacts, and solutions” (National Council for Behavioral Health, 2019, August 6). This paper makes the following recommendations for preventing mass shootings:

  1. Create multi-disciplinary threat-assessment teams, including law enforcement, legal teams, security departments, and mental/behavioral health professionals.
  2. Enact “Red Flag Laws,” which would allow a proactive approach before someone becomes a mass shooter.
  3. Involve mental/behavioral health professionals in threat assessments performed by law enforcement personnel.
    Require training for all mental/behavioral health professionals on violence risk assessment.
  4. Train school staff, law enforcement, and community members on how to respond to mental health and substance abuse issues.
  5. Re-examine/research the effects of policies like zero tolerance and security measures like metal detectors and bulletproof glass in schools.

At Cummings Graduate Institute for Behavioral Health Studies, we do not shy away from such discussions. We encourage our students to ask questions about recent and past mass shooters, and to learn to identify at-risk individuals before they take the lives of innocent people.

 

References

American Psychological Association. (2016). “Media contagion” is a factor in mass shootings, study says. Retrieved August 08, 2019, from https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2016/08/media-contagion

Burke, M. (2019, August 06). Gilroy Garlic Festival shooting being investigated as domestic terrorism by FBI. Retrieved August 08, 2019, from https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/gilroy-garlic-festival-shooting-being-investigated-domestic-terrorism-fbi-n1039681

Dewey, L., Allwood, M., Fava, J., Arias, E., Pinizzotto, A., & Schlesinger, L. (2013). Suicide by cop: Clinical risks and subtypes. Retrieved August 08, 2019, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24224677

Miranda, C. A. (2019, August 04). Recent mass shootings in the U.S.: A timeline. Retrieved August 08, 2019, from https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2019-08-03/united-states-mass-shootings

National Council for Behavioral Health. (2019, August 06). Mass violence in America: Causes, impacts, and solutions. Retrieved August 08, 2019, from https://www.thenationalcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Mass-Violence-in-America_8-6-19.pdf?mkt_tok=eyJpIjoiWlRjMVlUUTRZekZtTnpRNCIsInQiOiJSNXNVU3RwN0toMjA1OUloRmVlQ3NuS1dEYTN2eURLXC9xMnRjSFZ6ekNtUUJHR2ZWZzlHMEMraXYwK1p6dGE5N0RtM2pqNjhBV2RcL3BDam9oZ1V2cXVkSWVyYVFybU5yK3FyZVFLTjJadU9wSmNwanYwV3NWbithbUFEYVpqK3hnIn0%3D

Peterson, J., & Densley, J. (2019, August 04). Op-Ed: We have studied every mass shooting since 1966. Here’s what we’ve learned about the shooters. Retrieved August 08, 2019, from https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2019-08-04/el-paso-dayton-gilroy-mass-shooters-data

Rundle, J. (2019, August 06). Using Social Media to Prevent Mass Shootings Faces Challenges. Retrieved August 08, 2019, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/using-social-media-to-prevent-mass-shootings-faces-challenges-11565083805

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As a member of the AAPI community, I’m very familiar with the barriers to mental health services and the need to break through the glass wall of cultural stigma that prevents many from receiving potentially life–saving treatment. I was the only Asian American person in my master’s cohort, the only Asian American person in many of my clinical work settings, the only Asian American person to walk into many of the professional settings that I pushed myself to show up to. In my current practice, I’m constantly reminded by my patients of how difficult it is to find an Asian American mental health provider, though this reminder constantly informs me that more needs to be done for my community. Day after day, I read stories of Asian American people who die by suicide as a consequence of our culture’s avoidance of mental health topics. As a DBH, my biggest goal is to use my expertise in whole–person care to amplify the conversation around mental health and help my community understand that mental healthcare is not a privilege that we are not entitled to, it is a crucial part of our healthcare that will manifest differently in us than what many Western psychology or psychiatry textbooks will describe, and that our unique experience of mental health issues are valid, important, and is time to be part of the larger conversation.

Willam Chum, LMHCDBH Candidate, Cummings Graduate Institute for Behavioral Health Studies - September 16, 2022

The DBH represents something that I've always embraced in my professional career. And that's collaboration and working across a lot of different disciplines to make sure you’re delivering the best care for the patient. Everything is about being patient centered about finding innovative ways and creative ways to collaborate with other professionals.

CDR Sean K. Bennett, LCSW, MSWAC, BCDDBH Candidate, Cummings Graduate Institute for Behavioral Health Studies - October 10, 2023

This program will change how you present to the world, not just as a professional but as an individual. Understand this is work but the work is worth it and the journey is undeniably transformative. If you are seeking a doctorate for the title, this is not the program for you. If you are seeking a doctorate to interrupt and disrupt the course of healthcare, then this is the program for you. You won’t find a more supportive program with professors who are dedicated to your success and your education. This program is not about the regurgitation of information. It is about the appropriate applied application of knowledge and information to push forward and become an advocate for equitable and quality care for all.

Brandy K. Biglow LMHC, CCTP, QSDBH Candidate, Cummings Graduate Institute for Behavioral Health Studies - February 5, 2024

The Doctor of Behavioral Health (DBH) program has definitely transformed my understanding of behavioral health. Understanding the links between physical and mental health has taught how to make better treatment decisions. The DBH program has also given me insights that otherwise would not be possible and allows me to view individuals through a lens that I was previously ignorant of. This program has helped me grow into a more confident individual, provider, and parent.

Cory H. Cannady, BCBA, LBADBH Candidate, Cummings Graduate Institute for Behavioral Health Studies - March 13, 2024

The DBH program has been a pivotal turning point in my understanding and application of behavioral health principles. Recently, the concept of ‘whole person health’ has gained widespread attention in healthcare circles, becoming somewhat of a buzzword. Like many others, I embraced this term, believing in my capacity to deliver comprehensive care.

Prior to my engagement with the program, my approach, albeit well-intentioned, lacked an appreciation for the intricate interplay between physical and mental health. More importantly, the role of unmet social needs as a catalyst for health disparities was a dimension I had not fully integrated into my practice. The DBH program illuminated these connections, offering me a robust framework to understand and address the multifaceted needs of individuals, especially within marginalized communities.

Additionally, the confidence I have gained through the DBH program extends beyond theoretical knowledge. My role as a connector and advocate for these individuals has become more pronounced, driven by a deep-seated commitment to fostering accessibility, equity, and comprehensiveness in care.

Michelle Stroebel MA, NCC, LCMHC, NADD-CCDBH Candidate, Cummings Graduate Institute for Behavioral Health Studies - June 12, 2024

I have worked in behavioral health for the entirety of my professional career starting with college internships up to my current role as Deputy Executive Commissioner of Behavioral Health for the Texas Health and Human Services Commission. While I have years of experience in the field, the DBH program at Cummings has framed my perspective as leveraging therapy as a first line of intervention. As a public servant, much of the work I do is usually in the aftermath of crises or when the system is being forced to respond to a service gap. However, the DBH program takes a much more proactive and integrative approach to health. This perspective/approach has the potential to positively shape policy in Texas in my role as a public servant charged with addressing the safety net needs of the most vulnerable constituents in Texas.

Trina K. Ita, MA, LPCDBH Candidate, Cummings Graduate Institute for Behavioral Health Studies - July 10, 2024

CGI feels like a community of long-lost cousins that finally met as adults and we realized that we share the same goals. The support from the faculty and classmates have been nothing short of amazing. I can reach out to my advisor at any given time to discuss course work, career endeavors, or to just vent about life. There is a feeling of closeness and belongingness at CGI that is just unmatched. I am very happy to be a member of the family and will continue to spread the word of how great this DBH program is.

Michelle Francis, LCSW/LICSW-QSDBH Candidate, Cummings Graduate Institute for Behavioral Health Studies - September 10, 2024

The DBH program’s mission, purpose, and objective say it all: We strive for intentional care outcome improvement practices that exemplify whole person-centered integrated healthcare advanced competency. The program of study drives insights and awareness of the ever-changing patient population and multidisciplinary practice environments to change how the world experiences healthcare. This is further reinforced by the pillars of medical literacy, integrated behavioral health intervention, and entrepreneurship skills and expertise. Development growth is needed to prepare the aspiring DBH for the future of the shifting healthcare marketplace through international networking in a growing community of disruptive innovators and an evolving movement toward systemic healthcare change. I feel that I will be positioned alongside a fellowship of like-minded professionals trying to improve the quality of healthcare service delivery value and outcome sustainability.

Jose Mathew, LCSW, LAC, ACS, EMDR-T, CCTP-IIDBH Candidate, Cummings Graduate Institute for Behavioral Health Studies - October 8, 2024

The DBH program has reinforced my vision of viewing behavioral health (BH) as an integrated component of the healthcare system rather than a siloed service. As a practitioner in the focused BH realm of substance use disorder (SUD) treatment, I observe on a regular basis how identifying and serving SUD patients is often missed, ignored and stigmatized in primary healthcare, despite the fact that early intervention at these check-points often has the potential to intervene earlier and lessen the negative SUD outcomes frequently seen by the time a patient reaches specialty SUD services. Reinforcement received in my DBH program has motivated me to promote integration as a leader in my workplace and is a primary factor in considering the long-term trajectory of my individual career path.

Kenneth L. Roberts, MPS, LPCC, LADCDBH Candidate, Cummings Graduate Institute for Behavioral Health Studies - November 5, 2024

By becoming a DBH, I have found that I am able to have different conversations with different people. Before having my doctorate degree, I was able to speak to certain items in behavioral health, but was only seen as a licensed therapist where as a doctor, I am able to speak to the changemakers and policy makers in a more collaborative manner which then allows us as a group to enhance the services we are providing. I also found that as a DBH, my confidence in the treatment room has improved immensely and cases that may have been more difficult for me before are no longer as difficult due to the training I have received in the program.

Dr. Allison Earl, DBH, LPC-SDBH Alumna, Cummings Graduate Institute for Behavioral Health Studies - November 13, 2024

I think the DBH is quite groundbreaking, it allows you to study from anywhere in the world. The support is fantastic, and you can make out of the DBH what you want. Unlike standard professional doctorates, the DBH was trying to break new ground, not trying to go over just old ground. It greatly encourages its students to be those people who break new ground.

As a person who actually has a disability, I found CGI staff to be very supportive, very accommodating. If I need extensions, they are always there. In fact the staff will reach out and check on you, if they haven’t heard from you in a very short period of time. Which I have never had from any other university.

I find the community of fellow DBH students absolutely wonderful, we reach out across numerous social media platforms, we email each other. Doesn’t matter where I am in the world or where they are in the world, everyone is supportive. Its support, support and encouragement with the DBH.

Jason P. Sargent, B Policing, GDip Psych, MSW, JPDBH Candidate, Cummings Graduate Institute for Behavioral Health Studies - December 10, 2024

Graduating from the DBH program has influenced and enhanced my approach to addressing behavioral health challenges and making a difference in the field by preparing me to become a serious business owner. Through the DBH program, I understand now that becoming a business owner not only assists me in reaping the financial benefits of working for myself, but the program also offers me a sense of freedom to make a difference in an individual’s life.

Dr. Rebecca K. Wright, DBH, LBA, BCBA, QBADBH Alumna, Cummings Graduate Institute for Behavioral Health Studies - December 18, 2024

I have always wanted to pursue a higher degree but never found a program that met my needs. When I investigated the DBH program, I can honestly say I was excited. It was a program that would expand my knowledge in behavioral health but also how it relates to physical health. The philosophy of treating the whole person was exactly what I was looking for.

Elizabeth Nekoloff, M.Ed., LPCC-S, NCCDBH Candidate, Cummings Graduate Institute for Behavioral Health Studies - January 16, 2025

Prior to obtaining my DBH, I practiced behavioral health within the boundaries of behavior analysis. The DBH degree has given me the ability to broaden my scope of competence allowing me to provide a higher quality of care to my clients through a person-centered approach, while still staying within my scope of practice. I was in the beginning stages of opening my business when I enrolled in the DBH program which set my trajectory towards being a stronger leader. The program equipped me with essential healthcare leadership and entrepreneurial skills, allowing me to ensure high-quality services for my clients and foster a supportive work environment for our staff. It has also given me the confidence to expand my business and pursue other healthcare ventures, reaching a broader range of patients in need.

Dr. Pauline Tolentino Pablo, DBH, BCBA, IBADBH Alumna, Cummings Graduate Institute for Behavioral Health Studies - January 21, 2025

Although I have worked with many patients who have mental health diagnoses, or behaviors which make managing their medical diagnoses and day to day life difficult, the DBH program at CGI is broadening that knowledge and providing a deeper understanding of behavioral health and how best to help these individuals manage their health and improve their quality of life. This will allow me to provide and advocate for more meaningful and seamless integrated care, providing new tools for my intervention toolbox, and the confidence and skills to collaborate within and lead whole person focused interdisciplinary teams. I also anticipate building upon my knowledge as a nurse case manager and long time caregiver, as well as my personal passions and professional vision, learning about processes and operations, to be in position to start up and lead my own company one day, offering the services and care I know every person should have access to.

Hollie Wilson, MSN, RN, CCMDBH Candidate, Cummings Graduate Institute for Behavioral Health Studies - February 11, 2025

The Doctor in Behavioral Health (DBH) program has changed my understanding of the subject and career path. Before this academic journey, my knowledge of behavioral health was primarily theoretical, including essential ideas and methods. However, the DBH curriculum combined intense academic research with practical application, helping me understand behavioral health from multiple angles. Recognizing mental health as part of total health changed my perspective. The biopsychosocial model, which showed how biological, psychological, and social variables affect mental health, was stressed in the DBH curriculum. This comprehensive approach made me realize how complex human behavior is and how important it is to address mental health issues. Effective interventions must target the individual’s surroundings, relationships, and life experiences, not just symptoms. The curriculum also gave me enhanced evidence-based practice training to execute successful solutions. Studies methods and data analysis classes improved my critical thinking and allowed me to evaluate and apply behavioral health studies. This gave me the confidence to contribute to the field’s knowledge base through practice and research.

Dr. Rhea Hill, DBH, LPCDBH Alumna, Cummings Graduate Institute for Behavioral Health Studies - February 17, 2025

The DBH program will open opportunities for me to contribute to healthcare system innovation, particularly through trauma-informed care and integrated behavioral health settings. I will be better positioned to advocate for and implement holistic care models that improve health outcomes for underserved populations. Ultimately, this program will help me transition into higher-level roles, such as a director or consultant in behavioral health, where I can influence broader system changes and contribute to the future of healthcare delivery.

DeKyn Rashad Peters, MPH-CHES,BSW/BA,APCDBH Candidate, Cummings Graduate Institute for Behavioral Health Studies - March 4, 2025

The DBH program has been integral in preparing me for leadership roles by providing a solid foundation in both the theoretical and practical aspects of leadership within the behavioral health sector. Through coursework, case studies, and hands-on experiences, I have learned to lead with empathy, data-driven decision-making, and strategic planning. The program has also honed my skills in organizational development, communication, and policy advocacy, equipping me to effectively lead teams, drive impactful change, and foster environments that promote positive behavioral health outcomes. With this training, I am confident in my ability to lead initiatives that address systemic barriers and improve care delivery.

Dr. Jerrika Henderson, DBH, CMHCDBH Alumna, Cummings Graduate Institute for Behavioral Health Studies - March 18, 2025

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